接口/类型断言-成都快上网建站

接口/类型断言

1.定义
Interface是类型可以定义一组方法,但是这些不需要实现。并且interface不能包含任何变量。
比如:

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type example interface{

        Method1(参数列表) 返回值列表
        Method2(参数列表) 返回值列表
        …
}

2.interface类型默认是一个指针

type example interface{

        Method1(参数列表) 返回值列表
        Method2(参数列表) 返回值列表
        …
}
var a example
a.Method1()

3.接口实现
a. Golang中的接口,不需要显示的实现。只要一个变量,含有接口类型中的所有方法,那么这个变量就实现这个接口。因此,golang中没有implement类似的关键字
b. 如果一个变量含有了多个interface类型的方法,那么这个变量就实现了多个接口。
c. 如果一个变量只含有了1个interface的方部分方法,那么这个变量没有实现这个接口。
4.多态
一种事物的多种形态,都可以按照统一的接口进行操作
5.接口嵌套
一个接口可以嵌套在另外的接口,如下所示:

 type ReadWrite interface {
               Read(b Buffer) bool
               Write(b Buffer) bool
} 
type Lock interface {
               Lock()
               Unlock() 
} 
type File interface {
               ReadWrite
               Lock 
               Close() 
} 
  1. 类型断言,由于接口是一般类型,不知道具体类型,如果要转成具体类型可以采用以下方法进行转换:
var t int
var x interface{}
x = t
y = x.(int)   //转成int

var t int
var x interface{}
x = t
y, ok = x.(int)   //转成int,带检查

7.练习,写一个函数判断传入参数的类型

 func classifier(items ...interface{}) {
          for i, x := range items { 
                  switch x.(type) {
                   case bool:       fmt.Printf(“param #%d is a bool\n”, i)
                   case float64:    fmt.Printf(“param #%d is a float64\n”, i)
                   case int, int64: fmt.Printf(“param #%d is an int\n”, i)
                   case nil: fmt.Printf(“param #%d is nil\n”, i)
                   case string: fmt.Printf(“param #%d is a string\n”, i)
                    default: fmt.Printf(“param #%d’s type is unknown\n”, i)
            }
}

8.类型断言,采用type switch方式

switch t := areaIntf.(type) {case *Square:        fmt.Printf(“Type Square %T with value %v\n”, t, t) 
case *Circle:       fmt.Printf(“Type Circle %T with value %v\n”, t, t) 
case float32:       fmt.Printf(“Type float32 with value %v\n”, t)case nil:        fmt.Println(“nil value: nothing to check?”) 
default:        fmt.Printf(“Unexpected type %T”, t)}

接口/类型断言
9.空接口,Interface{}
空接口没有任何方法,所以所有类型都实现了空接口。

var a int
var b interface{}
b  = a

10.判断一个变量是否实现了指定接口
判断一个变量是否实现了指定接口

 type Stringer interface {
        String() string 
}
var v MyStruct
if sv, ok := v.(Stringer); ok {
       fmt.Printf(“v implements String(): %s\n”, sv.String()); 
} 

package main

import "fmt"

//没有方法的空接口,任何类型都可以
type Test interface {}

func main() {
    var a interface{}
    a = 666
    fmt.Println(a)
    fmt.Printf("a的类型是:%T", a)
}

输出:
666
a的类型是:int
Process finished with exit code 0

package main

import "fmt"

//接口里的方法必须全部实现!
type Carer interface {
    GetName() string
    Run()
    DiDi()
}

type BMW struct {
    Name string
}

func (p *BMW) GetName() string {
    return p.Name
}

func (p *BMW) Run() {
    fmt.Printf("%s is running\n", p.Name)
}

func (p *BMW) DiDi() {
    fmt.Printf("%s is didi\n", p.Name)
}

func main() {
    var car Carer
    //如果接口中的方法只声明不实现,则是nil
    //fmt.Println(car)
    //不实现Run方法而调用会报错
    //car.Run()
    var bmw BMW
    bmw.Name = "x6"
    //因为struct BMW是指针类型,所以bmw要引用传递
    car = &bmw
    car.Run()
}

输出:
x6 is running

Process finished with exit code 0
也可以值传递:

package main

import "fmt"

//接口里的方法必须全部实现!
type Carer interface {
    GetName() string
    Run()
    DiDi()
}

type BMW struct {
    Name string
}

func (p BMW) GetName() string {
    return p.Name
}

func (p BMW) Run() {
    fmt.Printf("%s is running\n", p.Name)
}

func (p BMW) DiDi() {
    fmt.Printf("%s is didi\n", p.Name)
}

func main() {
    var car Carer
    //如果接口中的方法只声明不实现,则是nil
    //fmt.Println(car)
    //不实现Run方法而调用会报错
    //car.Run()
    var bmw BMW
    bmw.Name = "x6"
    //值类型传递也是可以的,上面的p *BMW也要换成p BMW
    car = bmw
    car.Run()
}

应用实例:
go语言的sort包是用接口方式写的,可以轻松的自定义:

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "math/rand"
    "sort"
)

type Student struct {
    Name string
    Id string
    Age int
}

type Book struct {
    Name string
    Author string
}

//切片默认就是传地址的,所以不需要在方法中用*
type studentArray []Student

func (p studentArray) Len() int {
    return len(p)
}

func (p studentArray) Less(i, j int) bool {
    return p[i].Name < p[j].Name
}

func (p studentArray) Swap(i, j int) {
    p[i], p[j] = p[j], p[i]
}

func main() {
    var stus studentArray
    for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
        stu := Student{
            Name: fmt.Sprintf("stu%d", rand.Intn(100)),
            Id: fmt.Sprintf("100%d", rand.Int()),
            Age: rand.Intn(100),
        }
        stus = append(stus, stu)
    }
    for _, v := range stus {
        fmt.Println(v)
    }

    fmt.Println("")

    //调用sort包进行排序(stus中用自带的方法)
    sort.Sort(stus)

    for _, v := range stus {
        fmt.Println(v)
    }
}

输出:
{stu81 1008674665223082153551 47}
{stu59 1003916589616287113937 18}
{stu25 1001443635317331776148 56}
{stu0 1004751997750760398084 11}
{stu62 1003510942875414458836 28}

{stu0 1004751997750760398084 11}
{stu25 1001443635317331776148 56}
{stu59 1003916589616287113937 18}
{stu62 1003510942875414458836 28}
{stu81 1008674665223082153551 47}

Process finished with exit code 0

类型断言实例:

package main

import "fmt"

func main()  {
    var a interface{}
    fmt.Printf("%T\n", a)
    var b int
    a = b
    c := a.(int)
    fmt.Printf("%T\n", a)
    fmt.Printf("%T\n", c)
}

输出:

int
int

Process finished with exit code 0

package main

import "fmt"

func duanYan(a interface{}) {
    //int(a)是数据类型的转换,这是接口转成具体类
    b, ok := a.(int)
    if ok == false {
        fmt.Println("转换失败")
        return
    }
    b += 3
    fmt.Println(b)
}

func main()  {
    //b是int型则转换成功,string型转换失败
    var b int
    duanYan(b)
}

输出:
3

Process finished with exit code 0

package main

import "fmt"

type Student struct {
    Name string
    Sex  string
}

func Test(a interface{}) {
    b, ok := a.(Student)
    if ok == false {
        fmt.Println("convert failed")
        return
    }
    //b += 3
    fmt.Println(b)
}

func just(items ...interface{}) {
    for index, v := range items {
        switch v.(type) {
        case bool:
            fmt.Printf("%d params is bool, value is %v\n", index, v)
        case int, int64, int32:
            fmt.Printf("%d params is int, value is %v\n", index, v)
        case float32, float64:
            fmt.Printf("%d params is float, value is %v\n", index, v)
        case string:
            fmt.Printf("%d params is string, value is %v\n", index, v)
        case Student:
            fmt.Printf("%d params student, value is %v\n", index, v)
        case *Student:
            fmt.Printf("%d params *student, value is %v\n", index, v)
        }
    }
}

func main() {
    var b Student = Student{
        Name: "stu01",
        Sex:  "female",
    }
    Test(b)
    just(28, 8.2, "this is a test", b, &b)
}

输出:
{stu01 female}
0 params is int, value is 28
1 params is float, value is 8.2
2 params is string, value is this is a test
3 params student, value is {stu01 female}
4 params *student, value is &{stu01 female}

Process finished with exit code 0


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