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今天就跟大家聊聊有关Docker对JVM的限制有哪些,可能很多人都不太了解,为了让大家更加了解,小编给大家总结了以下内容,希望大家根据这篇文章可以有所收获。
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首先说一个老生常谈的限制:我们在对Docker中的Java应用使用诸如jmap等命令时常常会报错:
Can't attach to the process: ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, ..).
这个主要是因为像jstack、jmap等工具主要是通过两种方式来实现的:
Attach机制(也可以叫做Vitural Machine.attach(),主要是用通过Socket 与目标JVM的Attach Listener线程进行交互。
Serviceability Agent(其实也是一种Attach,在Linux中要靠系统调用ptrace来实现).
而 Docker 自 1.10 版本开始,默认的 seccomp 配置文件中禁用了 ptrace,所以一些通过SA进行的操作如:jmap -heap就会报错,而Docker官方也给出了解决方法:
使用–cap-add=SYS_PTRACE明确添加指定功能:[docker run --cap-add=SYS_PTRACE ...]
关闭 seccomp /将ptrace添加到允许的名单中:docker run --security-opt seccomp:unconfined ...
除了这个限制,前一段时间我在翻JDK的JDK BUG SYSTEM的时候无意间发现了这么一个Bug:JDK-8140793
getAvailableProcessors may incorrectly report the number of cpus in Docker container
BUG大致描述的现象是,Java在Docker容器中运行时,获取到的CPU的数目可能是不正确的。
Docker大家都知道是依托于Cgroups和Namespace的,而Cgroups 是一种 Linux 内核功能,可以限制和隔离进程的资源使用情况(CPU、内存、磁盘 I/O、网络等),所以我猜可能是JVM在运行时并没有读取到Docker使用Cgroups进行的限制.
继续查看这个BUG,发现状态是RESOLVED,于是继续翻找,在官方的Blog中发现了这么一篇文章
:《Java SE support for Docker CPU and memory limits》(文章关联了反应Docker中CPU计算出错的JDK-8140793、Docker中内存限制的增强JDK-8170888、容器检测和资源配置使用率增强的JDK-8146115).
文章中提到在JDK8u121之前的版本中(Java SE 8u121 and earlier),JVM读取的CPU数以及内存等都是不受到Cgroups限制的数据,那么这么做又会出现什么问题呢?据我所知,在我们不显式的指明一些参数的时候,往往会用到JVM读取的数据做一些默认的配置。比如如果不显式的指定 -XX:ParallelGCThreads and -XX:CICompilerCount,那么JVM就会根据读到的CPU数目进行计算来设置数值,如在计算Parallel GC的Threads数目的地方runtime\vm_version.cpp
(以下基于openJDK1.8 b120):
if (FLAG_IS_DEFAULT(ParallelGCThreads)) { assert(ParallelGCThreads == 0, "Default ParallelGCThreads is not 0");// For very large machines, there are diminishing returns// for large numbers of worker threads. Instead of// hogging the whole system, use a fraction of the workers for every// processor after the first 8. For example, on a 72 cpu machine// and a chosen fraction of 5/8// use 8 + (72 - 8) * (5/8) == 48 worker threads.unsigned int ncpus = (unsigned int) os::active_processor_count();return (ncpus <= switch_pt) ? ncpus : (switch_pt + ((ncpus - switch_pt) * num) / den); } else {return ParallelGCThreads; }
进入到获取CPU数目的os::active_processor_count()(linux实现os_linux.cpp)
int os::active_processor_count() { // Linux doesn't yet have a (official) notion of processor sets, // so just return the number of online processors. int online_cpus = ::sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN); assert(online_cpus > 0 && online_cpus <= processor_count(), "sanity check"); return online_cpus; }
我们发现确实是通过::sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN)来读取的物理机的CPU,如此看来GC的线程数目的计算就会出现一定的问题,同理JIT compiler threads也会遇到同样的问题。
而除了CPU的读取会出错,内存也是如此,我们在不显式的指定一些参数时如-Xmx(MaxHeapSize)、-Xms(InitialHeapSize)时,JVM会根据它读取到的机器的内存大小做一些默认的设置如:
void Arguments::set_heap_size() { if (!FLAG_IS_DEFAULT(DefaultMaxRAMFraction)) {// Deprecated flagFLAG_SET_CMDLINE(uintx, MaxRAMFraction, DefaultMaxRAMFraction); } const julong phys_mem = FLAG_IS_DEFAULT(MaxRAM) ? MIN2(os::physical_memory(), (julong)MaxRAM) : (julong)MaxRAM; // If the maximum heap size has not been set with -Xmx, // then set it as fraction of the size of physical memory, // respecting the maximum and minimum sizes of the heap. if (FLAG_IS_DEFAULT(MaxHeapSize)) { julong reasonable_max = phys_mem / MaxRAMFraction;if (phys_mem <= MaxHeapSize * MinRAMFraction) { // Small physical memory, so use a minimum fraction of it for the heap reasonable_max = phys_mem / MinRAMFraction; } . . . . } }
其中读取内存的os::physical_memory()读取也是physical memory,而这在Docker中运行可能引发一系列的错误比如被OOMKiller给杀掉(参考).
可见当我们使用一些比较老的JDK8版本时,如果我们没有显式指定一些参数可能会遇到一些稀奇古怪的问题,我在JDK-8146115中发现此对Docker支付的增强已经在JDK10中实现了,使用-XX:+UseContainerSupport可以开启容器支持,而且这一增强已经被backport到了JDK8的一些新版本中(JDK8u131之后的版本).
我下载了新版本的OpenJDK8,翻阅源码发现Oracle果然做了相应的处理.
原先os::active_processor_count()变成了:
// Determine the active processor count from one of// three different sources://// 1. User option -XX:ActiveProcessorCount// 2. kernel os calls (sched_getaffinity or sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN)// 3. extracted from cgroup cpu subsystem (shares and quotas)//// Option 1, if specified, will always override.// If the cgroup subsystem is active and configured, we// will return the min of the cgroup and option 2 results.// This is required since tools, such as numactl, that// alter cpu affinity do not update cgroup subsystem// cpuset configuration files.int os::active_processor_count() { // User has overridden the number of active processors if (ActiveProcessorCount > 0) {if (PrintActiveCpus) { tty->print_cr("active_processor_count: ""active processor count set by user : %d", ActiveProcessorCount); }return ActiveProcessorCount; } int active_cpus; if (OSContainer::is_containerized()) { active_cpus = OSContainer::active_processor_count();if (PrintActiveCpus) { tty->print_cr("active_processor_count: determined by OSContainer: %d", active_cpus); } } else { active_cpus = os::Linux::active_processor_count(); } return active_cpus; }
可以清晰的看到,如果有-XX:ActiveProcessorCount参数则使用参数,如果没有就会去OSContainer::is_containerized()判断是否容器化:
inline bool OSContainer::is_containerized() { assert(_is_initialized, "OSContainer not initialized"); return _is_containerized; }
而_is_containerized是由Threads::create_vm调用OSContainer::init()时检查虚拟机是否运行在容器中得来的(具体方法太长了):
/* init * * Initialize the container support and determine if * we are running under cgroup control. */void OSContainer::init() { int mountid; int parentid; int major; int minor; FILE *mntinfo = NULL; FILE *cgroup = NULL; char buf[MAXPATHLEN+1]; char tmproot[MAXPATHLEN+1]; char tmpmount[MAXPATHLEN+1]; char tmpbase[MAXPATHLEN+1]; char *p; jlong mem_limit; assert(!_is_initialized, "Initializing OSContainer more than once"); _is_initialized = true; _is_containerized = false; _unlimited_memory = (LONG_MAX / os::vm_page_size()) * os::vm_page_size(); if (PrintContainerInfo) { tty->print_cr("OSContainer::init: Initializing Container Support"); } if (!UseContainerSupport) {if (PrintContainerInfo) { tty->print_cr("Container Support not enabled"); }return; } ........... _is_containerized = true; }
方法就是对一些地方做了检查,如UseContainerSupport参数是否开启、/proc/self/mountinfo、/proc/self/cgroup是否可读等等,如果判断JVM运行在容器中,那么就会调用OSContainer::active_processor_count()获取容器限制的CPU数目:
/* active_processor_count * * Calculate an appropriate number of active processors for the * VM to use based on these three inputs. * * cpu affinity * cgroup cpu quota & cpu period * cgroup cpu shares * * Algorithm: * * Determine the number of available CPUs from sched_getaffinity * * If user specified a quota (quota != -1), calculate the number of * required CPUs by dividing quota by period. * * If shares are in effect (shares != -1), calculate the number * of CPUs required for the shares by dividing the share value * by PER_CPU_SHARES. * * All results of division are rounded up to the next whole number. * * If neither shares or quotas have been specified, return the * number of active processors in the system. * * If both shares and quotas have been specified, the results are * based on the flag PreferContainerQuotaForCPUCount. If true, * return the quota value. If false return the smallest value * between shares or quotas. * * If shares and/or quotas have been specified, the resulting number * returned will never exceed the number of active processors. * * return: * number of CPUs */int OSContainer::active_processor_count() { int quota_count = 0, share_count = 0; int cpu_count, limit_count; int result; cpu_count = limit_count = os::Linux::active_processor_count(); int quota = cpu_quota(); int period = cpu_period(); int share = cpu_shares(); ........... }
通过注释发现,此时的计算是通过cgroup cpu quota & cpu period、cgroup cpu shares得来的,而Docker可以通过–cpu-period、–cpu-quota等来进行设置。
同理,对于Memory的处理,如果不标明-Xmx,JVM可以开启*-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions*、 -XX:+UseCGroupMemoryLimitForHeap这两个参数,来使得JVM使用Linux cgroup的配置确定最大Java堆大小。
Arguments::set_heap_size()方法:
void Arguments::set_heap_size() { if (!FLAG_IS_DEFAULT(DefaultMaxRAMFraction)) {// Deprecated flagFLAG_SET_CMDLINE(uintx, MaxRAMFraction, DefaultMaxRAMFraction); } julong phys_mem = FLAG_IS_DEFAULT(MaxRAM) ? MIN2(os::physical_memory(), (julong)MaxRAM) : (julong)MaxRAM; // Experimental support for CGroup memory limits if (UseCGroupMemoryLimitForHeap) {// This is a rough indicator that a CGroup limit may be in force// for this processconst char* lim_file = "/sys/fs/cgroup/memory/memory.limit_in_bytes"; FILE *fp = fopen(lim_file, "r");if (fp != NULL) { julong cgroup_max = 0; int ret = fscanf(fp, JULONG_FORMAT, &cgroup_max); if (ret == 1 && cgroup_max > 0) {// If unlimited, cgroup_max will be a very large, but unspecified// value, so use initial phys_mem as a limitif (PrintGCDetails && Verbose) { // Cannot use gclog_or_tty yet. tty->print_cr("Setting phys_mem to the min of cgroup limit ("JULONG_FORMAT "MB) and initial phys_mem ("JULONG_FORMAT "MB)", cgroup_max/M, phys_mem/M); } phys_mem = MIN2(cgroup_max, phys_mem); } else { warning("Unable to read/parse cgroup memory limit from %s: %s", lim_file, errno != 0 ? strerror(errno) : "unknown error"); } fclose(fp); } else { warning("Unable to open cgroup memory limit file %s (%s)", lim_file, strerror(errno)); } } .................... }
JVM会通过使用cgroup文件系统中的memory_limit()值初始化os::physical_memory()中的值,不过我有注意到注释上有Experimental support的字样,估计不太成熟哈哈还只是实验性质的支持。
这么看Java在Docker中运行小坑与限制还不少呢,不知道哪里设置的不好就会出现一些莫名其妙的问题,我们最好还是根据Docker的配置来显式设置JVM的参数以避免大部分问题。如果还是有问题,可以考虑下升级较高版本的JDK8u,如果成本高不想升级请参考方案来外部加载一些库进行拦截修改
看完上述内容,你们对Docker对JVM的限制有哪些有进一步的了解吗?如果还想了解更多知识或者相关内容,请关注创新互联行业资讯频道,感谢大家的支持。
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