GO语言（二十七）：管理依赖项（下）-

当您对外部模块的存储库进行了 fork （例如修复模块代码中的问题或添加功能）时，您可以让 Go 工具将您的 fork 用于模块的源代码。这对于测试您自己的代码的更改很有用。

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为此，您可以使用go.mod 文件中的replace指令将外部模块的原始模块路径替换为存储库中 fork 的路径。这指示 Go 工具在编译时使用替换路径（fork 的位置），例如，同时允许您保留import 原始模块路径中的语句不变。

在以下 go.mod 文件示例中，当前模块需要外部模块example.com/theirmodule。然后该replace指令将原始模块路径替换为example.com/myfork/theirmodule模块自己的存储库的分支。

设置require/replace对时，使用 Go 工具命令确保文件描述的需求保持一致。使用go list命令获取当前模块正在使用的版本。然后使用go mod edit命令将需要的模块替换为fork：

注意： 当您使用该replace指令时，Go 工具不会像添加依赖项中所述对外部模块进行身份验证。

您可以使用go get命令从其存储库中的特定提交为模块添加未发布的代码。

为此，您使用go get命令，用符号@指定您想要的代码 。当您使用go get时，该命令将向您的 go.mod 文件添加一个 需要外部模块的require指令，使用基于有关提交的详细信息的伪版本号。

以下示例提供了一些说明。这些基于源位于 git 存储库中的模块。

当您的代码不再使用模块中的任何包时，您可以停止将该模块作为依赖项进行跟踪。

要停止跟踪所有未使用的模块，请运行go mod tidy 命令。此命令还可能添加在模块中构建包所需的缺失依赖项。

要删除特定依赖项，请使用go get，指定模块的模块路径并附加 @none，如下例所示：

go get命令还将降级或删除依赖于已删除模块的其他依赖项。

当您使用 Go 工具处理模块时，这些工具默认从 proxy.golang.org（一个公共的 Google 运行的模块镜像）或直接从模块的存储库下载模块。您可以指定 Go 工具应该使用另一个代理服务器来下载和验证模块。

如果您（或您的团队）已经设置或选择了您想要使用的不同模块代理服务器，您可能想要这样做。例如，有些人设置了模块代理服务器，以便更好地控制依赖项的使用方式。

要为 Go 工具指定另一个模块代理服务器，请将GOPROXY 环境变量设置为一个或多个服务器的 URL。Go 工具将按照您指定的顺序尝试每个 URL。默认情况下，GOPROXY首先指定一个公共的 Google 运行模块代理，然后从模块的存储库直接下载（在其模块路径中指定）：

您可以将变量设置为其他模块代理服务器的 URL，用逗号或管道分隔 URL。

Go 模块经常在公共互联网上不可用的版本控制服务器和模块代理上开发和分发。您可以设置 GOPRIVATE环境变量。您可以设置GOPRIVATE环境变量来配置go命令以从私有源下载和构建模块。然后 go 命令可以从私有源下载和构建模块。

GOPRIVATE或环境变量可以设置为匹配模块前缀的全局模式列表，这些GONOPROXY前缀是私有的，不应从任何代理请求。例如：

Go语言的优势有哪些

1. 部署简单

Go

编译生成的是一个静态可执行文件，除了glibc外没有其他外部依赖。这让部署变得异常方便：目标机器上只需要一个基础的系统和必要的管理、监控工具，完全不需要操心应用所需的各种包、库的依赖关系，大大减轻了维护的负担。

2. 并发性好

Goroutine和channel使得编写高并发的服务端软件变得相当容易，很多情况下完全不需要考虑锁机制以及由此带来的各种问题。单个Go应用也能有效的利用多个CPU核，并行执行的性能好。

3. 良好的语言设计

从学术的角度讲Go语言其实非常平庸，不支持许多高级的语言特性;但从工程的角度讲，Go的设计是非常优秀的：规范足够简单灵活，有其他语言基础的程序员都能迅速上手。更重要的是

Go 自带完善的工具链，大大提高了团队协作的一致性。

4. 执行性能好

虽然不如 C 和 Java，但相比于其他编程语言，其执行性能还是很好的，适合编写一些瓶颈业务，内存占用也非常省。

golang反射框架Fx

Fx是一个golang版本的依赖注入框架，它使得golang通过可重用、可组合的模块化来构建golang应用程序变得非常容易，可直接在项目中添加以下内容即可体验Fx效果。

Fx是通过使用依赖注入的方式替换了全局通过手动方式来连接不同函数调用的复杂度，也不同于其他的依赖注入方式，Fx能够像普通golang函数去使用，而不需要通过使用struct标签或内嵌特定类型。这样使得Fx能够在很多go的包中很好的使用。

接下来会提供一些Fx的简单demo，并说明其中的一些定义。

1、一般步骤

大致的使用步骤就如下。下面会给出一些完整的demo

2、简单demo

将io.reader与具体实现类关联起来

输出：

3、使用struct参数

前面的使用方式一旦需要进行注入的类型过多，可以通过struct参数方式来解决

输出

如果通过Provide提供构造函数是生成相同类型会有什么问题?换句话也就是相同类型拥有多个值呢？

下面两种方式就是来解决这样的问题。

4、使用struct参数+Name标签

在Fx未使用Name或Group标签时不允许存在多个相同类型的构造函数，一旦存在会触发panic。

输出

上面通过Name标签即可完成在Fx容器注入相同类型

5、使用struct参数+Group标签

使用group标签同样也能完成上面的功能

输出

基本上Fx简单应用在上面的例子也做了简单讲解

1、Annotated(位于annotated.go文件) 主要用于采用annotated的方式,提供Provide注入类型

源码中Name和Group两个字段与前面提到的Name标签和Group标签是一样的，只能选其一使用

2、App(位于app.go文件) 提供注入对象具体的容器、LiftCycle、容器的启动及停止、类型变量及实现类注入和两者映射等操作

至于Provide和Populate的源码相对比较简单易懂在这里不在描述

具体源码

3、Extract（位于extract.go文件）

主要用于在application启动初始化过程通过依赖注入的方式将容器中的变量值来填充给定的struct，其中target必须是指向struct的指针，并且只能填充可导出的字段(golang只能通过反射修改可导出并且可寻址的字段)，Extract将被Populate代替。 具体源码

4、其他

诸如Populate是用来替换Extract的，而LiftCycle和inout.go涉及内容比较多后续会单独提供专属文件说明。

在Fx中提供的构造函数都是惰性调用，可以通过invocations在application启动来完成一些必要的初始化工作：fx.Invoke(function); 通过也可以按需自定义实现LiftCycle的Hook对应的OnStart和OnStop用来完成手动启动容器和关闭，来满足一些自己实际的业务需求。

Fx框架源码解析

主要包括app.go、lifecycle.go、annotated.go、populate.go、inout.go、shutdown.go、extract.go(可以忽略,了解populate.go)以及辅助的internal中的fxlog、fxreflect、lifecycle

Go语言与Java之间性能相差多少

Java是一门较为成熟的语言,相对于C++要简单的多,C++里没有内存回收,所以比较麻烦,Java加入了内存自动回收,简单是简单,却变慢了,go语言是一门新兴的语言,现在版本是1.9 ? go语言的性能比Java要好,但由于出现晚,资料较Java少,有些Java的功能go也没有,并且有许多的软件是支持Java但支持go的很少.所以在短期内Java是比go通用的

C语言的最大的优势是时间性能好,只比汇编慢20%~30%,C++最大的优势是快且面向对象,Java最大的优势是垃圾回收机制,GO语言的目标是具备以上三者的优势

go依赖注入dig包使用-来自uber公司

原文链接：

github:

Dependency Injection is the idea that your components (usually structs in go) should receive their dependencies when being created. This runs counter to the associated anti-pattern of components building their own dependencies during initialization. Let’s look at an example.

Suppose you have a Server struct that requires a Config struct to implement its behavior. One way to do this would be for the Server to build its own Config during initialization.

This seems convenient. Our caller doesn’t have to be aware that our Server even needs access to Config . This is all hidden from the user of our function.

However, there are some disadvantages. First of all, if we want to change the way our Config is built, we’ll have to change all the places that call the building code. Suppose, for example, our buildMyConfigSomehow function now needs an argument. Every call site would need access to that argument and would need to pass it into the building function.

Also, it gets really tricky to mock the behavior of our Config . We’ll somehow have to reach inside of our New function to monkey with the creation of Config .

Here’s the DI way to do it:

Now the creation of our Server is decoupled from the creation of the Config . We can use whatever logic we want to create the Config and then pass the resulting data to our New function.

Furthermore, if Config is an interface, this gives us an easy route to mocking. We can pass anything we want into New as long as it implements our interface. This makes testing our Server with mock implementations of Config simple.

The main downside is that it’s a pain to have to manually create the Config before we can create the Server . We’ve created a dependency graph here – we must create our Config first because of Server depends on it. In real applications these dependency graphs can become very large and this leads to complicated logic for building all of the components your application needs to do its job.

This is where DI frameworks can help. A DI framework generally provides two pieces of functionality:

A DI framework generally builds a graph based on the “providers” you tell it about and determines how to build your objects. This is very hard to understand in the abstract, so let’s walk through a moderately-sized example.

We’re going to be reviewing the code for an HTTP server that delivers a JSON response when a client makes a GET request to /people . We’ll review the code piece by piece. For simplicity sake, it all lives in the same package ( main ). Please don’t do this in real Go applications. Full code for this example can be found here .

First, let’s look at our Person struct. It has no behavior save for some JSON tags.

A Person has an Id , Name and Age . That’s it.

Next let’s look at our Config . Similar to Person , it has no dependencies. Unlike Person , we will provide a constructor.

Enabled tells us if our application should return real data. DatabasePath tells us where our database lives (we’re using sqlite). Port tells us the port on which we’ll be running our server.

Here’s the function we’ll use to open our database connection. It relies on our Config and returns a *sql.DB .

Next we’ll look at our PersonRepository . This struct will be responsible for fetching people from our database and deserializing those database results into proper Person structs.

PersonRepository requires a database connection to be built. It exposes a single function called FindAll that uses our database connection to return a list of Person structs representing the data in our database.

To provide a layer between our HTTP server and the PersonRepository , we’ll create a PersonService .

Our PersonService relies on both the Config and the PersonRepository . It exposes a function called FindAll that conditionally calls the PersonRepository if the application is enabled.

Finally, we’ve got our Server . This is responsible for running an HTTP server and delegating the appropriate requests to our PersonService .

The Server is dependent on the PersonService and the Config .

Ok, we know all the components of our system. Now how the hell do we actually initialize them and start our system?

First, let’s write our main() function the old fashioned way.

First, we create our Config . Then, using the Config , we create our database connection. From there we can create our PersonRepository which allows us to create our PersonService . Finally, we can use this to create our Server and run it.

Phew, that was complicated. Worse, as our application becomes more complicated, our main will continue to grow in complexity. Every time we add a new dependency to any of our components, we’ll have to reflect that dependency with ordering and logic in the main function to build that component.

As you might have guessed, a Dependency Injection framework can help us solve this problem. Let’s examine how.

The term “container” is often used in DI frameworks to describe the thing into which you add “providers” and out of which you ask for fully-build objects. The dig library gives us the Provide function for adding providers and the Invoke function for retrieving fully-built objects out of the container.

First, we build a new container.

Now we can add new providers. To do so, we call the Provide function on the container. It takes a single argument: a function. This function can have any number of arguments (representing the dependencies of the component to be created) and one or two return values (representing the component that the function provides and optionally an error).

The above code says “I provide a Config type to the container. In order to build it, I don’t need anything else.” Now that we’ve shown the container how to build a Config type, we can use this to build other types.

This code says “I provide a *sql.DB type to the container. In order to build it, I need a Config . I may also optionally return an error.”

In both of these cases, we’re being more verbose than necessary. Because we already have NewConfig and ConnectDatabase functions defined, we can use them directly as providers for the container.

Now, we can ask the container to give us a fully-built component for any of the types we’ve provided. We do so using the Invoke function. The Invoke function takes a single argument – a function with any number of arguments. The arguments to the function are the types we’d like the container to build for us.

The container does some really smart stuff. Here’s what happens:

That’s a lot of work the container is doing for us. In fact, it’s doing even more. The container is smart enough to build one, and only one, instance of each type provided. That means we’ll never accidentally create a second database connection if we’re using it in multiple places (say multiple repositories).

Now that we know how the dig container works, let’s use it to build a better main.

The only thing we haven’t seen before here is the error return value from Invoke . If any provider used by Invoke returns an error, our call to Invoke will halt and that error will be returned.

Even though this example is small, it should be easy to see some of the benefits of this approach over our “standard” main. These benefits become even more obvious as our application grows larger.

One of the most important benefits is the decoupling of the creation of our components from the creation of their dependencies. Say, for example, that our PersonRepository now needs access to the Config . All we have to do is change our NewPersonRepository constructor to include the Config as an argument. Nothing else in our code changes.

Other large benefits are lack of global state, lack of calls to init (dependencies are created lazily when needed and only created once, obviating the need for error-prone init setup) and ease of testing for individual components. Imagine creating your container in your tests and asking for a fully-build object to test. Or, create an object with mock implementations of all dependencies. All of these are much easier with the DI approach.

I believe Dependency Injection helps build more robust and testable applications. This is especially true as these applications grow in size. Go is well suited to building large applications and has a great DI tool in dig . I believe the Go community should embrace DI and use it in far more applications.

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