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每个连接到MySQL服务器的线程都需要有自己的缓冲。大概需要立刻分配256K,甚至在线程空闲时 — 它们使用默认的线程堆栈,网络缓存等。事务开始之后,则需要增加更多的空间。运行较小的查询可能仅给指定的线程增加少量的内存消耗,然而如果对数据表做复杂的操作例如扫描、排序或者需要临时表,则需分配大约 read_buffer_size, sort_buffer_size, read_rnd_buffer_size, tmp_table_size 大小的内存空间。不过它们只是在需要的时候才分配,并且在那些操作做完之后就释放了。有的是立刻分配成单独的组块,例如 tmp_table_size 可能高达MySQL所能分配给这个操作的最大内存空间了。注意,这里需要考虑的不只有一点 — 可能会分配多个同一种类型的缓存,例如用来处理子查询。一些特殊的查询的内存使用量可能更大 — 如果在MyISAM表上做成批的插入时需要分配 bulk_insert_buffer_size 大小的内存。执行 ALTER TABLE, OPTIMIZE TABLE, REPAIR TABLE 命令时需要分配 myisam_sort_buffer_size 大小的内存。
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For OLTP applications with simple queries memory consumption is often less than 1MB per thread with default buffers, and you really do not need to increase per thread buffers unless you have complex queries. Sorting 10 rows will be as fast with 1MB sort buffer as with 16MB (actually 16MB might be even slower but it is other story)。
只有简单查询OLTP应用的内存消耗经常是使用默认缓冲的每个线程小于1MB,除非需要使用复杂的查询否则无需增加每个线程的缓冲大小。使用1MB的缓冲来对10行记录进行排序和用16MB的缓冲基本是一样快的(实际上16MB可能会更慢,不过这是其他方面的事了)。
Another approach you may take is to come up with amount of memory you want MySQL Server to consume at peak. This can be easily computed by memory needed for OS, File Cache and other applications. For 32bit envinronment you also should keep 32bit limits into account and probably limit “mysqld” size to about 2.5GB (exact number depens on a lot of factors)。 Now you can use “ps aux” to see VSZ - Virtual Memory allocated by MySQL process. You can also look at “Resident Memory” but I find it less helpful as it may down because of swapping - not what you would like to see. Monitor how the value changes so you know memory requirements with current settings and increase/decrease values appropriately.
另外,就是找出MySQL服务器内存消耗的峰值。这很容易就能计算出操作系统所需的内存、文件缓存以及其他应用。在32位环境下,还需要考虑到32位的限制,限制 “mysqld” 的值大约为2.5G(实际上还要考虑到很多其他因素)。现在运行 “ps aux” 命令来查看 VSZ 的值 — MySQL 进程分配的虚拟内存。也可以查看 “Resident Memory” 的值,不过我想它可能没多大用处,因为它会由于交换而变小 — 这并不是你想看到的。监视着内存变化的值,就能知道是需要增加/减少当前的内存值了。
Some may say, Hey we want to have 100% guarantee our server will never run out of memory, no matter which queries or users will decide to run. Unfortunately this is as much close to impossible to be impractical. Here is why:
List of rarely considered MySQL Server Memory Requirements
以下是很少考虑的MySQL服务器内存需求
Thread buffers can be allocated more than once for each thread. Consider for example subqueries - each layer may need its own read_buffer,sort_buffer, tmp_table_size etc每个线程可能会不止一次需要分配缓冲。 考虑到例如子查询 — 每层都需要有自己的 read_buffer,sort_buffer, tmp_table_size 等。Many variabes can be set per connection. So you can't relay on global values if developers may use their local values to run some queries.在每个连接中很多变量都可能需要重新设置。 如果开发者想设定自己的变量值来运行某些查询就不能继续使用全局值。There can be mutiple key caches. Multiple key caches can be created to accomodate query executions可能有多个索引缓存。 为了配合执行查询可能会创建多个索引缓存。Query Parsing and optimization needs memory. This is usually small to be ignored but certain queries can have very large memory requrement for this step, especially specially crafted ones.解析查询和优化都需要内存。 这些内存通常比较小,可以忽略,不过如果是某些查询在这个步骤中则需要大量内存,尤其是那些设计的比较特别的查询。Stored Procedures. Compex stored procedures may require a lot of memory存储过程。 复杂的存储过程可能会需要大量内存。Prepared statements and Cursors. Single connection may have many prepared statements and cursors. Their number finally can be limited but each of them still can have very large memory consumption准备查询语句以及游标。 单次链接可能会有很多的准备好的语句以及游标。它们的数量最后可以限定,但是仍然会消耗大量的内存。Innodb Table Cache. Innodb has its own table cache in which meta data about each table accessed from the start is stored. It is never purged and may be large if you have a lot of tables. It also means user having CREATE TABLE privilege should be able to run MySQL server out of memoryInnodb表缓存。 Innnodb表有自己的缓存,它保存了从一开始访问每个表的元数据。它们从未被清除过,如果有很多Innodb表的话,那么这个量就很大了。这也就意味着拥有 CREATE TABLE 权限的用户就可能把MySQL服务器的内存耗尽。MyISAM buffers. MyISAM may allocate buffer which is large enough to contain largest record in the given table which is held until table is closed.MyISAM缓冲。 MyISAM表可能会分配一个足以装下指定表最大记录的缓冲,而且这个缓冲直到表关闭了才释放。Federated Storage Engine. This may have unbound memory requirements retriving result sets from remove queries.FEDERATED存储引擎。 This may have unbound memory requirements retriving result sets from remove queries.Blobs may require 3x time of memory. This is important if you're deaing with large Blobs (your max_allowed_packet is large) Processing of 256MB of blob may require 768MB of memory.Blobs可能需要3倍的内存。 这在处理很大(max_allowed_packet 的值较大)的Blobs数据时很重要,如果处理256MB的数据可能需要768MB的内存。Storage Engines. In general storage engines may have their own per thread or global memory allocations which are not tuned as buffers. Watch for these especially now with many storage engines being released for MySQL by various parties.存储引擎。 通常情况下,存储引擎会设置自己的每个线程的全局分配内存,它通常不能像缓存一样可以调节。现在应该通过各种方式来特别关注MySQL释放出来的存储引擎。 I do not pretend this to be complete list. On the contrary I'm quite sure I've missed something (drop me a note if you have something to add)。 But the main point is - there are a lot of memory consumers out where and trying to find peak possible usage for each is impractical - so my advice would be measure what you get in practice and how memory consumption reacts to changing various variables. For example you may find out increasing sort_buffer_size from 1MB to 4MB and 1000 max_connections increases peak memory consumption just 30MB not 3000MB as you might have counted.
我想这还不是完成的列表,相反地,我觉得还是漏掉了一些(如果你知道,请给我回复加上)。但主要的原因是 — 找到每次内存消耗峰值是不切实际的,因此我的这些建议可以用来衡量一下你实际修改一些变量值产生的反应。例如,把 sort_buffer_size 从1MB增加到4MB并且在 max_connections 为 1000 的情况下,内存消耗增长峰值并不是你所计算的3000MB而是30MB。
Mysql中的内存分配相关配置参数这些参数可以分成两部分,分别对应MySQL中的两个层次:服务器层和存储引擎层。MySQL服务器相关:
每个连接到MySQL服务器的线程都需要有自己的缓冲,默认为其分配256K。事务开始之后,则需要增加更多的空间。运行较小的查询可能仅给指定的线程增加少量的内存消耗,例如存储查询语句的空间等。但如果对数据表做复杂的操作比较复杂,例如排序则需要使用临时表,此时会分配大约 read_buffer_size,sort_buffer_size,read_rnd_buffer_size,tmp_table_size大小的内存空间。不过它们只是在需要的时候才分配,并且在那些操作做完之后就释放了。read_buffer_size是MySql读入缓冲区大小。对表进行顺序扫描的请求将分配一个读入缓冲区,MySql会为它分配一段内存缓冲区。read_buffer_size变量控制这一缓冲区的大小。如果对表的顺序扫描请求非常频繁,并且你认为频繁扫描进行得太慢,可以通过增加该变量值以及内存缓冲区大小提高其性能。sort_buffer_size是MySql执行排序使用的缓冲大小。如果想要增加ORDER BY的速度,首先看是否可以让MySQL使用索引而不是额外的排序阶段。如果不能,可以尝试增加sort_buffer_size变量的大小。该变量会监测sort_merge_passed, sort_range, sort_rows, sort_scan的状况。通常较小的sort_merge_passed性能越高,但是也与workload的特性有关。read_rnd_buffer_size是MySql的随机读缓冲区大小。当按任意顺序读取行时(例如,按照排序顺序),将分配一个随机读缓存区。进行排序查询时,MySql会首先扫描一遍该缓冲,以避免磁盘搜索,提高查询速度,如果需要排序大量数据,可适当调高该值。但MySql会为每个客户连接发放该缓冲空间,所以应尽量适当设置该值,以避免内存开销过大。
query_cache_size是MySql的查询缓冲大小。(从4.0.1开始,MySQL提供了查询缓冲机制)使用查询缓冲,MySQL将 SELECT语句和查询结果存放在缓冲区中,今后对于同样的SELECT语句(区分大小写),将直接从缓冲区中读取结果。根据MySQL用户手册,使用查询缓冲最多可以达到238%的效率。此外还有每个连接中会使用的一些变量会消耗少量内存。MyISAM引擎相关
key_buffer_size存储了所有index的缓存,一般我们设为16M,通过检查状态值Key_read_requests和 Key_reads,可以知道key_buffer_size设置是否合理。比例key_reads / key_read_requests应该尽可能的低,至少是1:100,1:1000更好(上述状态值可以使用‘key_read%’获得用来显示状态数据)。key_buffer_size只对MyISAM表起作用。即使不使用MyISAM存储引擎,但是内部的临时磁盘表是MyISAM表,故也要使用该值。InnoDB引擎相关
innodb_buffer_pool_size对于InnoDB表来说,作用就相当于key_buffer_size对于MyISAM表的作用一样。InnoDB使用该参数指定大小的内存来缓冲数据和索引。对于单独的MySQL数据库服务器,手册上推荐把该值设置成物理内存的80%。
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size指定InnoDB用来存储数据字典和其他内部数据结构的内存池大小。缺省值是1M。通常不用太大,只要够用就行,应该与表结构的复杂度有关系。如果不够用,MySQL会在错误日志中写入一条警告信息。
innodb_log_buffer_size指定InnoDB用来存储日志数据的缓存大小,如果您的表操作中包含大量并发事务(或大规模事务),并且在事务提交前要求记录日志文件,请尽量调高此项值,以提高日志效率。
Linux 进程通过 C 标准库中的内存分配函数 malloc 向系统申请内存,但是到真正与内核交互之间,其实还隔了一层,即内存分配管理器(memory allocator)。常见的内存分配器包括:ptmalloc(Glibc)、tcmalloc(Google)、jemalloc(FreeBSD)。MySQL 默认使用的是 glibc 的 ptmalloc 作为内存分配器。
内存分配器采用的是内存池的管理方式,处在用户程序层和内核层之间,它响应用户的分配请求,向操作系统申请内存,然后将其返回给用户程序。
为了保持高效的分配,分配器通常会预先向操作系统申请一块内存,当用户程序申请和释放内存的时候,分配器会将这些内存管理起来,并通过一些算法策略来判断是否将其返回给操作系统。这样做的最大好处就是可以避免用户程序频繁的调用系统来进行内存分配,使用户程序在内存使用上更加高效快捷。
关于 ptmalloc 的内存分配原理,个人也不是非常了解,这里就不班门弄斧了,有兴趣的同学可以去看下华庭的《glibc 内存管理 ptmalloc 源代码分析》【文末链接】。
关于如何选择这三种内存分配器,网上资料大多都是推荐摒弃 glibc 原生的 ptmalloc,而改用 jemalloc 或者 tcmalloc 作为默认分配器。因为 ptmalloc 的主要问题其实是内存浪费、内存碎片、以及加锁导致的性能问题,而 jemalloc 与 tcmalloc 对于内存碎片、多线程处理优化的更好。
目前 jemalloc 应用于 Firefox、FaceBook 等,并且是 MariaDB、Redis、Tengine 默认推荐的内存分配器,而 tcmalloc 则应用于 WebKit、Chrome 等。
mysql耗内存吗?很多人都说MySQL占用了很大的虚拟内存,那么这个问题应该怎么解决呢?下面是我收集整理的一些方法,现在分享给大家!
解决mysql耗内存的具体方法一:
在分析的过程中发现最耗内存的是MySQL,其中近1GB的内存被它吞了,而且不在任务管理器体现出来。这个数据库软件是EMS要用到了,所以必须要运行。这个软件在安装的时候会根据机器的实际内存自动进行配置,PC机物理内存越多,它默认占有的内存就越多,难怪3GB的内存被它给吞了近1GB。
优化方法:
1. 退出EMS clientserver
2. 在CMD里运行:net stop mysql
3. 找到MySQL\MySQL Server的安装目录,里面有个my.ini文件,参考附件的配置对参数query_cache_size tmp_table_size myisam_sort_buffer_size key_buffer_size innodb_buffer_pool_size进行修改,注意不要改动innodb_log_file_size,修改前备份my.ini
4. 在CMD里运行:net start mysql,如果提示成功,则说明修改的参数没有什么问题,如果失败,重新调整一下上面的参数
5. 找到EMS 安装目录runGUI.bat runServer.bat脚本,找到-Xmx700m,改为-Xmx256m,注意修改前备份这两个文件,感谢Liping Sun提供帮助
6. 重新运行EMS
前后对比,对于3GB的PC,发现可以节省近1GB的内存。对于2GB的PC,也可以节省600-800MB。优化后发现EMS启动稍微慢一些,但是其它的软件运行速度提高了很多,不在经常出现卡机现象了。如果在运行过程中发现EMS特别慢的话,自己也可以适当放大上面提到的一些参数。
my.ini
# MySQL Server Instance Configuration File
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Generated by the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard
#
#
# Installation Instructions
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# On Linux you can copy this file to /etc/my.cnf to set global options,
# mysql-data-dir/my.cnf to set server-specific options
# (@localstatedir@ for this installation) or to
# ~/.my.cnf to set user-specific options.
#
# On Windows you should keep this file in the installation directory
# of your server (e.g. C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y). To
# make sure the server reads the config file use the startup option
# "--defaults-file".
#
# To run run the server from the command line, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# To install the server as a Windows service manually, execute this in a
# command line shell, e.g.
# mysqld --install MySQLXY --defaults-file="C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server X.Y\my.ini"
#
# And then execute this in a command line shell to start the server, e.g.
# net start MySQLXY
#
#
# Guildlines for editing this file
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that the program supports.
# If you want to know the options a program supports, start the program
# with the "--help" option.
#
# More detailed information about the individual options can also be
# found in the manual.
#
#
# CLIENT SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by MySQL client applications.
# Note that only client applications shipped by MySQL are guaranteed
# to read this section. If you want your own MySQL client program to
# honor these values, you need to specify it as an option during the
# MySQL client library initialization.
#
[client]
port=3306
[mysql]
default-character-set=utf8
# SERVER SECTION
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The following options will be read by the MySQL Server. Make sure that
# you have installed the server correctly (see above) so it reads this
# file.
#
[mysqld]
# The TCP/IP Port the MySQL Server will listen on
port=3306
#Path to installation directory. All paths are usually resolved relative to this.
basedir="D:/Program Files/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.1/"
#Path to the database root
datadir="C:/Documents and Settings/All Users/Application Data/MySQL/MySQL Server 5.1/Data/"
# The default character set that will be used when a new schema or table is
# created and no character set is defined
character-set-server=utf8
# The default storage engine that will be used when create new tables when
default-storage-engine=INNODB
# Set the SQL mode to strict
sql-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
# The maximum amount of concurrent sessions the MySQL server will
# allow. One of these connections will be reserved for a user with
# SUPER privileges to allow the administrator to login even if the
# connection limit has been reached.
max_connections=1510
# Query cache is used to cache SELECT results and later return them
# without actual executing the same query once again. Having the query
# cache enabled may result in significant speed improvements, if your
# have a lot of identical queries and rarely changing tables. See the
# "Qcache_lowmem_prunes" status variable to check if the current value
# is high enough for your load.
# Note: In case your tables change very often or if your queries are
# textually different every time, the query cache may result in a
# slowdown instead of a performance improvement.
query_cache_size=16M
# The number of open tables for all threads. Increasing this value
# increases the number of file descriptors that mysqld requires.
# Therefore you have to make sure to set the amount of open files
# allowed to at least 4096 in the variable "open-files-limit" in
# section [mysqld_safe]
table_cache=3020
# Maximum size for internal (in-memory) temporary tables. If a table
# grows larger than this value, it is automatically converted to disk
# based table This limitation is for a single table. There can be many
# of them.
tmp_table_size=4M
# How many threads we should keep in a cache for reuse. When a client
# disconnects, the client's threads are put in the cache if there aren't
# more than thread_cache_size threads from before. This greatly reduces
# the amount of thread creations needed if you have a lot of new
# connections. (Normally this doesn't give a notable performance
# improvement if you have a good thread implementation.)
thread_cache_size=64
#*** MyISAM Specific options
# The maximum size of the temporary file MySQL is allowed to use while
# recreating the index (during REPAIR, ALTER TABLE or LOAD DATA INFILE.
# If the file-size would be bigger than this, the index will be created
# through the key cache (which is slower).
myisam_max_sort_file_size=100G
# If the temporary file used for fast index creation would be bigger
# than using the key cache by the amount specified here, then prefer the
# key cache method. This is mainly used to force long character keys in
# large tables to use the slower key cache method to create the index.
myisam_sort_buffer_size=4M
# Size of the Key Buffer, used to cache index blocks for MyISAM tables.
# Do not set it larger than 30% of your available memory, as some memory
# is also required by the OS to cache rows. Even if you're not using
# MyISAM tables, you should still set it to 8-64M as it will also be
# used for internal temporary disk tables.
key_buffer_size=16M
# Size of the buffer used for doing full table scans of MyISAM tables.
# Allocated per thread, if a full scan is needed.
read_buffer_size=64K
read_rnd_buffer_size=256K
# This buffer is allocated when MySQL needs to rebuild the index in
# REPAIR, OPTIMZE, ALTER table statements as well as in LOAD DATA INFILE
# into an empty table. It is allocated per thread so be careful with
# large settings.
sort_buffer_size=256K
#*** INNODB Specific options ***
# Use this option if you have a MySQL server with InnoDB support enabled
# but you do not plan to use it. This will save memory and disk space
# and speed up some things.
#skip-innodb
# Additional memory pool that is used by InnoDB to store metadata
# information. If InnoDB requires more memory for this purpose it will
# start to allocate it from the OS. As this is fast enough on most
# recent operating systems, you normally do not need to change this
# value. SHOW INNODB STATUS will display the current amount used.
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=9M
# If set to 1, InnoDB will flush (fsync) the transaction logs to the
# disk at each commit, which offers full ACID behavior. If you are
# willing to compromise this safety, and you are running small
# transactions, you may set this to 0 or 2 to reduce disk I/O to the
# logs. Value 0 means that the log is only written to the log file and
# the log file flushed to disk approximately once per second. Value 2
# means the log is written to the log file at each commit, but the log
# file is only flushed to disk approximately once per second.
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1
# The size of the buffer InnoDB uses for buffering log data. As soon as
# it is full, InnoDB will have to flush it to disk. As it is flushed
# once per second anyway, it does not make sense to have it very large
# (even with long transactions).
innodb_log_buffer_size=5M
# InnoDB, unlike MyISAM, uses a buffer pool to cache both indexes and
# row data. The bigger you set this the less disk I/O is needed to
# access data in tables. On a dedicated database server you may set this
# parameter up to 80% of the machine physical memory size. Do not set it
# too large, though, because competition of the physical memory may
# cause paging in the operating system. Note that on 32bit systems you
# might be limited to 2-3.5G of user level memory per process, so do not
# set it too high.
innodb_buffer_pool_size=32M
# Size of each log file in a log group. You should set the combined size
# of log files to about 25%-100% of your buffer pool size to avoid
# unneeded buffer pool flush activity on log file overwrite. However,
# note that a larger logfile size will increase the time needed for the
# recovery process.
innodb_log_file_size=88M
# Number of threads allowed inside the InnoDB kernel. The optimal value
# depends highly on the application, hardware as well as the OS
# scheduler properties. A too high value may lead to thread thrashing.
innodb_thread_concurrency=8
解决mysql耗内存的具体方法二:
更改后如下:
innodb_buffer_pool_size=576M -256M InnoDB引擎缓冲区占了大头,首要就是拿它开刀
query_cache_size=100M -16M 查询缓存
tmp_table_size=102M -64M 临时表大小
key_buffer_size=256m -32M
重启mysql服务后,虚拟内存降到200以下.
另外mysql安装目录下有几个文件:my-huge.ini 、my-large.ini、my-medium.ini...这几个是根据内存大小作的建议配置,新手在设置的时候也可以参考一下。
2G内存的MYSQL数据库服务器 my.ini优化 (my.ini)
2G内存,针对站少,优质型的设置,试验特:
table_cache=1024 物理内存越大,设置就越大.默认为2402,调到512-1024最佳
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=8M 默认为2M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0 等到innodb_log_buffer_size列队满后再统一储存,默认为1
innodb_log_buffer_size=4M 默认为1M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8 你的服务器CPU有几个就设置为几,默认为8
key_buffer_size=256M 默认为218 调到128最佳
tmp_table_size=64M 默认为16M 调到64-256最挂
read_buffer_size=4M 默认为64K
read_rnd_buffer_size=16M 默认为256K
sort_buffer_size=32M 默认为256K
max_connections=1024 默认为1210
试验一:
table_cache=512或1024
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=2M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0
innodb_log_buffer_size=1M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8 你的服务器CPU有几个就设置为几,默认为8
key_buffer_size=128M
tmp_table_size=128M
read_buffer_size=64K或128K
read_rnd_buffer_size=256K
sort_buffer_size=512K
max_connections=1024
试验二:
table_cache=512或1024
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=8M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0
innodb_log_buffer_size=4M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8
key_buffer_size=128M
tmp_table_size=128M
read_buffer_size=4M
read_rnd_buffer_size=16M
sort_buffer_size=32M
max_connections=1024
一般:
table_cache=512
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=8M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=0
innodb_log_buffer_size=4M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8
key_buffer_size=128M
tmp_table_size=128M
read_buffer_size=4M
read_rnd_buffer_size=16M
sort_buffer_size=32M
max_connections=1024
经过测试.没有特殊情况,最好还是用默认的.
2G内存,针对站多,抗压型的设置,最佳:
table_cache=1024 物理内存越大,设置就越大.默认为2402,调到512-1024最佳
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=4M 默认为2M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1
(设置为0就是等到innodb_log_buffer_size列队满后再统一储存,默认为1)
innodb_log_buffer_size=2M 默认为1M
innodb_thread_concurrency=8 你的服务器CPU有几个就设置为几,建议用默认一般为8
key_buffer_size=256M 默认为218 调到128最佳
tmp_table_size=64M 默认为16M 调到64-256最挂
read_buffer_size=4M 默认为64K
read_rnd_buffer_size=16M 默认为256K
sort_buffer_size=32M 默认为256K
max_connections=1024 默认为1210
thread_cache_size=120 默认为60
query_cache_size=64M
优化mysql数据库性能的十个参数
(1)、max_connections:
允许的同时客户的数量。增加该值增加 mysqld 要求的文件描述符的数量。这个数字应该增加,否则,你将经常看到 too many connections 错误。 默认数值是100,我把它改为1024 。
(2)、record_buffer:
每个进行一个顺序扫描的线程为其扫描的每张表分配这个大小的一个缓冲区。如果你做很多顺序扫描,你可能想要增加该值。默认数值是131072(128k),我把它改为16773120 (16m)
(3)、key_buffer_size:
索引块是缓冲的并且被所有的线程共享。key_buffer_size是用于索引块的缓冲区大小,增加它可得到更好处理的索引(对所有读和多重写),到你能负担得起那样多。如果你使它太大,系统将开始换页并且真的变慢了。默认数值是8388600(8m),我的mysql主机有2gb内存,所以我把它改为 402649088(400mb)。
4)、back_log:
要求 mysql 能有的连接数量。当主要mysql线程在一个很短时间内得到非常多的连接请求,这就起作用,然后主线程花些时间(尽管很短)检查连接并且启动一个新线程。
back_log 值指出在mysql暂时停止回答新请求之前的短时间内多少个请求可以被存在堆栈中。只有如果期望在一个短时间内有很多连接,你需要增加它,换句话说,这值对到来的tcp/ip连接的侦听队列的大小。你的操作系统在这个队列大小上有它自己的限制。试图设定back_log高于你的操作系统的限制将是无效的。
当你观察你的主机进程列表,发现大量 264084 | unauthenticated user | xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx | null | connect | null | login | null 的待连接进程时,就要加大 back_log 的值了。默认数值是50,我把它改为500。
(5)、interactive_timeout:
服务器在关闭它前在一个交互连接上等待行动的秒数。一个交互的客户被定义为对 mysql_real_connect()使用 client_interactive 选项的客户。 默认数值是28800,我把它改为7200。
(6)、sort_buffer:
每个需要进行排序的线程分配该大小的一个缓冲区。增加这值加速order by或group by操作。默认数值是2097144(2m),我把它改为 16777208 (16m)。
(7)、table_cache:
为所有线程打开表的数量。增加该值能增加mysqld要求的文件描述符的数量。mysql对每个唯一打开的表需要2个文件描述符。默认数值是64,我把它改为512。
(8)、thread_cache_size:
可以复用的保存在中的线程的数量。如果有,新的线程从缓存中取得,当断开连接的时候如果有空间,客户的线置在缓存中。如果有很多新的线程,为了提高性能可以这个变量值。通过比较 connections 和 threads_created 状态的变量,可以看到这个变量的作用。我把它设置为 80。
(9)mysql的搜索功能
用mysql进行搜索,目的是能不分大小写,又能用中文进行搜索
只需起动mysqld时指定 --default-character-set=gb2312
(10)、wait_timeout:
服务器在关闭它之前在一个连接上等待行动的秒数。 默认数值是28800,我把它改为7200。
注:参数的调整可以通过修改 /etc/my.cnf 文件并重启 mysql 实现。这是一个比较谨慎的工作,上面的结果也仅仅是我的一些看法,你可以根据你自己主机的硬件情况(特别是内存大小)进一步修改。
查看 /proc/meminfo
Tips:
“大内存页”也称传统大页、大页内存等有助于 Linux 进行虚拟内存的管理,标准的内存页为 4KB,这里使用“大内存页”最大可以定义 1GB 的页面大小,在系统启动期间可以使用“大内存页”为应用程序预留一部分内存,这部分内存被占用且永远不会被交换出内存,它会一直保留在那里,直到改变配置。(详细介绍请看下面链接官方解释)
那么这么大页内存是分配给谁的呢?
查询一下:
shell /proc/sys/vm/hugetlb_shm_group
27
shell id 27
uid=27(mysql) gid=27(mysql) groups=27(mysql)
hugetlb_shm_group 文件里填的是指定大页内存使用的用户组 id,这里查看到是 MySQL 组 id,那既然是给 MySQL 的为什么 free 等于 total,并且 mysql 还只有 20 多 G 实际使用内存呢?
原来在 MySQL 中还有专门启用大内存页的参数,在 MySQL 大内存页称为 large page。
查看 MySQL 配置文件
发现配置文件中确实有 large-page 配置,但出于禁用状态。
后与业务确认,很早之前确实启用过 mysql 的 large page,不过后面禁用了。排查到这基本就有了结论。
结论
这套环境之前开启了 20000 的大内存页,每页大小为 2MB,占用了 40G 内存空间,给 MySQL 使用,并且 MySQL 开启了 large page,但后来不使用的时候,只关闭了 MySQL 端的 large page 参数,但没有实际更改主机的关于大内存页的配置,所以导致,实际上主机上的还存在 20000 的大内存页,并且没在使用,这一部分长期空闲,并且其他程序不能使用。
所以 MySQL 在使用 20G 内存左右,整个主机内存就饱和了,然后在部分条件下,就触发了 OOM,导致 mysqld 被 kill,但主机上又有 mysqld_safe 守护程序,所以又再次给拉起来,就看到了文章初的偶尔连接不上的现象。
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